Pickering & Chatto :: Pickering & Chatto

Pickering and Chatto Each Romanticist is intensely obligated to Pickering and Chatto for their distribution of a progression of significant arrangements of Romantic writings. From the Works of Mary Wollstonecraft (distributed in 1989), to the Novels and Selected Works of Mary Shelley (distributed in May 1996), and proceeding with imminent versions of Hazlitt's and De Quincey's Selected Works, Pickering and Chatto keeps on cultivating the investigation of Romantic authors with incredible academic releases. Under the general editorship of John Mullan, Pickering and Chatto offers us another assortment in their arrangement of Romantic examinations distributions: Lives of the Great Romantic Poets . This three-volume set contains copy proliferations of historical records of three significant writers of the Romantic time frame: Shelley, Byron and Wordsworth. Every volume contains an unmistakably composed presentation which presents a general image of the artist's profession and fame during his lifetime. In spite of the fact that shockingly restricted by space contemplations, the editors have prevailing with regards to assembling insightful records of the artists. A chose, and rather concise, reference index of valuable optional works and a short sequence are likewise to be found. Each concentrate of anecdotal composing is gone before by a short editorial manager's presentation containing insights concerning the creator, the work from which the concentrate is taken, and the connection between the creator and the writer alluded to. These presentations are clear, with enough subtleties to improve the perusing of the concentrates without overpowering the peruser with such a large number of realities. I need to pressure the way that this release is a copy proliferation of concentrates from Romantic writings and not an academic version of these writings. Accordingly, albeit one finds a couple of notes, one ought to know that the enthusiasm of these volumes lies mostly in the writings they make recently accessible to people in general. In this, this release echoes the Revolution and Romanticism arrangement of copy of Romantic writings picked by Jonathan Wordsworth and distributed by Woodstock Books. The main volume is committed to Shelley and altered by John Mullan. Mullan's presentation presents an exact depiction of the troublesome inquiry of the gathering of Shelley during the nineteenth century, and afterward during the twentieth century. Mullan properly calls attention to the fact that it is so enticing to liken Shelley's verse with his own life, and how, to a limited degree, Shelley himself welcomed his perusers to do as such. This is clearly an inquiry that Shelleyan researchers have managed for longer than a century.

Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Innovation - Essay Example Video calling and content informing have now become the most basic methods of correspondence. The adaptability, simplicity and modesty of content informing have made correspondence practical unbelievable. It has been accounted for that content informing has encouraged the salvage of individuals stuck in remote territories and quake struck areas (Alexander and Amber). Be that as it may, in spite of the benefits of this joyful innovation there is a dull perspective too. On the other side of things where instant messages has spared lives it has likewise taken a few. Truth be told the measurements focuses us towards the clandestine reality that it has taken a larger number of lives than it has ever spared. Utilization of content informing while at the same time driving has been the base of the vast majority of the cases in such manner. As per an overview it has been expressed that messaging while at the same time driving is multiple times bound to cause a mishap than inebriated driving ( Car crash wireless measurements). It has additionally been accounted for that messaging is the most diverting of the considerable number of exercises while driving with respect to at regular intervals of driving while at the same time messaging a driver goes through more than 4.6 seconds of those seconds looking off the street (Car collision phone measurements). As of late with generous lessening in the expenses of instant messages this hazard has been enlarged by an exceptionally huge factor. In spite of the fact that it tends to be contended that it is the drivers deficiency in the event that he isn't agreeing by the security estimates it is likewise obvious that these lives were not in peril when content informing was not designed. While messaging includes composing messages and has all around supplanted the utilization letters and transmits, it has likewise on the opposite influenced the relational abilities of the people in an unconstructive way (Bushnell and Kemp). The utiliza tion of content informing has become so easygoing that individuals have pardoned the specialty of letter composing and have begun focusing more on shortened forms and short structures than on great phrasing. With the expanding utilization of emojis there is not, at this point a need felt to communicate feelings utilizing words. The craft of composing aside, content informing has additionally caused its wretchedness on the specialty of discourse. With content informing now there are an ever increasing number of individuals who effectively maintain a strategic distance from verbal cooperation and settle on content informing. The coming of content informing where on one hand has rearranged correspondence on different has likewise simultaneously debased the â€Å"art† of correspondence. Messaging is inebriating. Indeed, it is. Regardless of how unreasonable it sounds yet it is in reality obvious. The likenesses among messaging and inebriation are practically uncanny. It has even constrained the assessors to draw examinations between the effects of inebriation and messaging while at the same time driving. Furthermore, shockingly enough for a few while for nobody else messaging has had the high ground. How is messaging inebriating? The inquiry emerges. In the occurrence universe of the 21st century where family esteems are surrendered for individual achievement I have seen individuals despite everything removing time from their riotous lives to look into their mobile phones and either peruse or compose an instant message. I have seen individuals not escaping their bed before perusing and answering to all the writings. This inebriating nature of content informing has made individuals lethargic and burnt through a lot of their time by humoring them into a just useless action. Also has additionally squandered their in any case significant ability and potential. All in all, the much archived nature of the benefits of messaging has driven us away from its obvious downsides. Without the

Students are required to produce a report on information systems Assignment

Understudies are required to create a report on data frameworks - Assignment Example There are different classifications of data frameworks and every classification contains specific sorts of data frameworks for example the board data frameworks and choice emotionally supportive networks. At the present, the accomplishment of an association totally relies upon the viability of a data framework. This report talks about the job of data frameworks in today’s ever-expanding serious business condition. The fundamental reason for this examination is to show what job data frameworks play in the achievement of an association and what the eventual fate of data frameworks is. Indeed, this time is considered as the period of data innovation (IT), where just those business associations get the achievement that utilize data innovation more viably than their rivals. Furthermore, so as to make due in this ever-expanding serious business world structuring and executing data frameworks those produce exact information and data regarding the matter of commercial center getting, clients and serious limit. The fundamental targets that business associations need to accomplish through the turn of events and execution of these advanced innovation based data frameworks incorporate the general corporate presentation and compelling and effective treatment of business information (Turban et al., 2005; Laudon and Laudon, 2005). This report will talk about how data frameworks are assuming a noteworthy job in the fruitful execution of business activities. This report will likewise talk about a portion of the effective instances of data systems’ achievement. In their book (Turban et al., 2005, p.18) characterize a data framework as a framework which gathers, forms, stores, assesses, and disperses data so as to complete a particular errand. Moreover, the nature of errands fluctuates from office to office. For

What Is an Expository Essay Outline and Tips on Writing It Correctly

Expository Essay Outline: Everything You Need To Know An essay seems to be an excellent opportunity to showcase your writing and research skills but even though writing an essay seems relatively simple, in reality delivering a high-quality essay may be much harder than it looks. When grading your essay, professor pays attention to dozens of different aspects, from the writing to the structure and the idea of the essay. With all of that to keep in mind, writing an essay becomes a more challenging task, especially when you’re dealing with an advanced type of essay like an expository essay. Today you will learn everything you need to know about writing an outline for an expository essay. Expository Essay Outline: What Is It? In order to do a decent job with your expository essay, first, you need to know exactly what it is – in such a way you’ll understand the purpose of your writing more clearly. An objective of an expository essay is to expose the readers to a particular notion or fact. You need to use scientific evidence to back up your claims and pay special attention to the structure of your work. Even if you weren’t specifically told to write an expository essay, you can get a better idea about the type of work you’ve been assigned by taking a detailed look at the assignment: if it contains words like â€Å"define† or â€Å"explain†, your job is to write an expository essay. Your writing needs to be logical and straightforward, and that is exactly why a clear structure matters so much for the success of an expository essay. This kind of essay needs to present all relevant facts concerning the topic, even if you don’t personally agree with them. Your job here is not only to present the facts but also to provide answers to potential questions your readers may have on the topic. Expository Essay Outline: The Full Guide A correct structure of an expository essay is one of the most important aspects of essay writing that directly influences your grade. The best way to make sure your writing follows a clear structure is to base your essay on an outline. A typical expository essay isn’t complicated and consists of three main parts: introduction, three body paragraphs, and conclusion. Let’s look at each of those parts in detail. Introduction Many people consider body paragraphs to be the most important part of any essay but we are convinced that introduction is as important as the main paragraphs for one simple reason: it allows the writer to grab the reader’s attention from the first few words and convince the audience to continue reading until the end. Imagine a reader, who opens up an expository essay and is completely unimpressed by the introduction. This reader is very unlikely to read the rest of the essay – most likely he will simply move on to the next work. The first sentence of the introduction, also known as the opening sentence or the hook, is your first chance to impress the reader. However, you should resist the temptation of making the hook catchy but completely irrelevant to the topic. No matter what you choose as your introductory hook a fact, a quote, or statistics it needs to be directly related to the subject of the essay. After the hook, you need to give more information on the essay. Prepare the readers for what they are about to read. The worst thing to do here is to assume that the reader knows everything about the subject and does not need any introductory information. You need to write the introduction pretending that your readers know absolutely nothing on the topic. The last sentence of your introduction is the thesis. The thesis needs to be brief but engaging, stimulating the audience to see you expand on that thesis in the later parts of the essay. Plus, a thesis will help you stay focused on the topic and to keep your writing uniform and concise. Body paragraphs The introduction serves as a strong opening to your expository essay, and the body paragraphs need to continue that narration. Sentence by sentence, paragraph by paragraph, you need to investigate the subject of your essay deeper and deeper, offering the audience the most convincing arguments and producing enough evidence to support your thesis. The typical expository essay outline contains three body paragraphs but this number is subject to change depending on your writing. The number of body paragraphs can be as little as one, and there is no upper limit for this number you should include as many body paragraphs as it takes to get your point covered. Each body paragraph should contain a separate idea that supports your thesis. Together, body paragraphs should contain all the evidence you have to convince the readers that your thesis is true. Your body paragraphs need to contain the following information: Topic sentence, where you need to introduce the main idea of the paragraph. Evidence, which is used to support your idea. No one takes seriously a statement that is not supported by factual evidence, and that’s exactly what you need to keep in mind. It can be even better for the quality of your expository essay if you can provide more than one piece of factual evidence for each separate paragraph, but even one fact is enough if it’s convincing. Analysis of the evidence, which is used to explain how the evidence supports the idea behind the paragraph. Here you need to be impartial and unbiased but at the same time passionate about your subject and ready to explain how exactly your argument works in favor of the thesis. Don’t assume the readers can make their own connections and draw links between the thesis and the evidence it’s your job as a writer to do it for the audience. Transition phrases, which make your story more logical and give a more structured flow to your writing. This part is not mandatory but it is a relatively effortless way to prove you’re an excellent researcher and writer. It may be tempting to make your expository essay wordy, but the key to success in writing an essay is to make sure every word is a valuable contribution to the paper. Quality over quantity is a principle that is very much applicable in expository essay writing. Conclusion Now that you’ve put so much work into an impressive introduction and convincing body paragraphs, it would be unreasonable to end your paper with a whimper by paying little attention to the conclusion. This part of your expository essay outline doesn’t need to be long, but it certainly needs to be powerful. Here are the points you need to include in your essay conclusion if you want it to be a success: A very short summary of the thesis and supporting ideas. The significance of the subject both for the individual readers and the academic world. A mention of the points directly linked to the subject of the essay but not discussed here in detail. A call to action for the readers to learn more about the subject or even take some steps to improve the matters discussed in the work. Your conclusion does not need to contain any new information, because it may be confusing for the course of your narrative and promote a completely new discussion, which may not be exactly your plan. Keep your conclusion brief but convincing without simply retelling the text of your work. What’s next The job of writing an expository essay doesn’t end with writing the finishing sentence of the conclusion. Before submitting your work, you need to thoroughly check it for language and grammatical mistakes. When reading your essay once again, you may want to change something for example, the order of paragraphs. These modifications will ultimately improve your work!

Mens Re An Actus Reus - 1836 Words

Mens rea is a necessary element, alongside an actus reus, in order for a person to be convicted in the majority of crimes. It is required to prove the mens rea in every common law and statutory offence making it a significant part of any case which enters the courtroom. There are two common forms of mens rea; intention, wicked recklessness and negligence. Both of these forms, if proven, constitute as a sufficient mens rea to be criminally liable. Intention – The highest form of mens rea- is more than simple contemplation and is when one person purposely causes harm to another individual. The case of Cunliffe v. Goodman involved a landlord who was intending to pull down a building on the termination of the lease. At the end of the lease, the premises was in bad repair and the landlord requested action to be taken on the tenant for the damage. However, the tenant was under the impression that the building was being demolished and refused to pay for any disrepair. It was found that the tenant was ‘protected from liability to pay damages’ . Wicked recklessness – the ‘total indifference to and disregard for the safety of the public’ In the case of McDowall v. HM Advocate, a man was charged with culpable homicide for driving recklessly. The presiding judge stated that the man had ‘utter disregard for the victims and the fact that he drove with the bonnet in an upright position are factors that the jury were entitled to take into account’ when considering his state of mind atShow MoreRelatedLegal Issues And Judicial Reasoning Of Every Case2540 Words   |  11 PagesMotivated Crime Ordinance.† R.A.V. clearly violated this law. Why did the Supreme Court overturn his conviction? How might the legislature have written this law differently so as to effectively punish behavior like R.A.V.’s? For this answer you should re-draft the St. Paul ordinance so that it can fulfill this purpose and explain how your draft is different from the used to prosecute R.A.V. in this case. On June 21, 1990, R.A.V. and multiple other teenagers allegedly made a cross using chair legs.Read MoreLegal Advice Case Study Essay1362 Words   |  6 Pagesloss of earnings. When deciding on any case where a criminal offence has been committed in English Law it is essential that it is conclusively proven - beyond reasonable doubt. The prosecution must firstly prove that the accused had mens rea, a guilty mind as the general rule is the offence must be voluntary. Although this was clearly an accident. The defence would look towards intention. Did Chris intentionally kick the stone with purpose to injure Dan? If heRead MoreReview for Exam 3 Essay939 Words   |  4 Pagesa pass-through entity or as a separate entity? 8. Most general partnerships pay income taxes as a separate entity or as a pass-through entity? MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS 9. The term actus reus is often used to describe a criminal act or mind? The individual must have performed actus*reus (criminal act) with mens*rea (guilty mind). An individual can perpetrate a crime against the corporate employer (e.g., the embezzlement) or for the benefit of the corporation (e.g., pricefixing). 10. Know thatRead MoreAn Omission As A Type Of Actus Reus1891 Words   |  8 Pages1.0. An omission is classified as a type of actus reus . The actus reus is the conduct element of crime, it is actions that are deemed damaging to society. The aim of the law is that it attempts to limit this type of conduct as much as possible. An omission is a failure to act . Common law mainly edges towards the notion that there is no criminal liability for an omission . There is also no crime in, for example, not intervening when a person is assaulting another. It is not an offence to ignoreRead MoreThe Regina Knight Case1974 Words   |  8 Pagesprosecutors might be able to prove that the elements of the particular offence are present. In this criminal case both Actus reus, Mens rea as well causation was clearly shown through the behavior of Katherine Knight. Actus reus is the term referring to ‘guilty act’ meaning any voluntary actions of omissions that constitutes to a crime, it is the physical element of an offence Her Actus reus is shown through her act of stabbing him 37 times and killing him. She also chopped off his head and cooked it withRead MoreSef Gonzales Report Essay1897 Words   |  8 Pagescrime to occur, both elements of the crime, Actus Reus and mens rea must be present. Actus Reus and mens rea are legal terms used to define a crime. Both elements must be present for an accused to be found guilty of a crime (except for strict liability). Mens rea means that the person must have had a guilty mind at the time of committing the crime- that is they must have intended to commit the crime. According to this case, both elements were present. Mens rea occurred when Gonzales had planned theRead MoreBasic Functions of Law: Australia2224 Words   |  9 Pagesthe defendant must be acquitted (not guilty) and cannot ever be re-tried for the same offence (double jeopardy). Juries are used in SA to determine the guilt of the defendant. The defendant may choose to have a trial by jury or judge alone. Before a person can be convicted, two elements must be proven at a trial. These two elements are: Actus Reus: The guilty act. Prosecution must prove that the defendant committed the act. Mens Rea: The guilty mind. Prosecution must prove that the defendant intendedRead MoreLegal Implications Of A Health And Disability Commissioner Essay2292 Words   |  10 Pagesresolve the provider’s conduct and the future quality of the healthcare service (HDC, n.d.). Penalties to the provider may include written apology to the consumer and reimbursements of the consumer’s treatment fee. The provider may be told to undertake re-training to increase competency levels or review affected regions in order to prevent any future breaches of the Code (HDC, n.d.). The Commissioner may also enquire for a peer review which can be observed in the HDC case 13HDC01568 (2015), in whichRead MoreThe English Legal System1255 Words   |  6 Pagesof England and Wales, include criminal law and civil law. Criminal law which manages violations and their results and criminal acts are considered offenses against the entire of a group. The two basic components of crime are known as the â€Å"actus reus† and the â€Å"mens rea†. These two Latin terms signify guilty act (doing what is precluded) and guilty mind (the aim to carry out the wrongdoing. English civil procedure much in like manner to the civil law frameworks of other precedent-based law nat ionsRead MoreQuestions On Letters From Leeds Bradford Airport2049 Words   |  9 Pagesembeddedness as a deep structural principle of the European human rights regime. European Journal of International Law, 19(1), 2008, .pp.125-159 Memorandum To: Supervisor From: Trainee Solicitor Date: 1 May 2016 Re: Orla Fellows Further to your memorandum dated 21 April 2016 I have carried out the research requested. Summary Orla can rely on Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights and her Defence is strong to dissolve the case brought

Why Does a Lot of Students Feel Sleepy During Class Hours

S.Y. 2012 - 2013 WHY DOES A LOT OF STUDENTS FEEL SLEEPY DURING CLASS HOURS? In partial fulfillment for the requirement in English IV World Literature SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO: MARCH 2013 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I dedicate this research work first to my parents who helped me to finish this paper works especially to my mother who help me construct my thoughts. To my adviser for reminding us how to do this research work. To my classmates and schoolmates who answered my survey that helped me a lot. Thank you from the bottom of my heart. God Bless you all! INTRODUCTION Sleep is food for the brain. During sleep, important body functions and brain activity occur. Skipping sleep can be harmful particularly if you are behind the wheel. You†¦show more content†¦The respondents are asked to fill up the data in the survey questionnaire. There are a lot of things that may distract a person as they get more responsibilities. Not like in elementary high school students have a lot of things to do or responsibilities that may cause their sleeping time shorter. DEFINITION OF TERMS * Sleep - is a naturally recurring state characterized by reduced or absent consciousness, relatively suspended sensory activity, and inactivity of nearly all voluntary muscles. * Phases - Carry out (something) in gradual stages. * Expend - Spend or use up (a resource such as money, time, or energy). * Revealed - make (previously unknown or secret information) known to others. * Mismanagement - To manage badly or carelessly. * Deprivation - The lack or denial of something considered to be a necessity * Responsibilities - The state or fact of having a duty to deal with something. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE FOREIGN STUDIES Getting Enough Sleep is No Easy Task for Todays Students By ALINA SAMINSKY 2010, VOL. 2 NO. 02 | PG. 1/1 Take a look inside a high school classroom. You will most likely find a teacher at the front of the class and students sitting at their desks. Yet, look closer, and you might notice a familiar trend: many of these students are not paying attention. Instead, they are dozing off or even completely asleep. Today, an overwhelming majority of high school students are not gettingShow MoreRelatedEmotion 3 I believed I experienced my most embarrass moment of the year was during mid of this600 Words   |  3 Pagesmoment of the year was during mid of this semester where I accidentally walk into the girl’s toilet in college. That day was the day I stay overnight to finish my assignment. Not even enough sleep in the morning really kills me and making me drowsy. After attending few hours of lectures, I had stomach ache and I just could not stand anymore, so I decided to go to the toilet and also to wash my face hoping that I can still hanging there for the next couples of hours. I was so sleepy and dozy; I forgotRead MoreThe Overall Effects of Staying Up Late on University Students10276 Words   |  42 PagesEng 105 Research Topic- The Overall Effects of Staying Up Late On University Students Submitted by: Farhan Rashid Ahmed Ansari ID- 0910711030 SEC-2 Date of Submission- 20.12.2011 Acknowledgement The reason for choosing this particular topic was because of my parents, especially my mother who has taken care of me for all these years. My mother has always ensured that I have proper sleep. Hence, I ended up writing a research paper regarding sleep. I would also like to thank all my respondents forRead MoreEating Breakfast Is The Most Important Meal Of The Day1228 Words   |  5 PagesHow do you feel when you wake up in the morning? Some of you might say really tired, others might say that you feel cranky, or many of you probably might say you are hungry. The hunger you feel is your body demanding food to make it throughout the day. How many think of eating breakfast but still walk out of the house without a single morsel of grain in your tummy? I bet you don’t forget your daily dose of caffeine. A good breakfast consists of staples and mix-ins. Many of you may deny that breakfastRead MoreToday, It Is Common Knowledge That Physical Activity Is1252 Words   |  6 Pages Today, it is common knowledge that physical activity is not only important to our physical health, but it also helps improve our mental health as well. But, if that’s so, then why are Americans reaching record high obesity rates? There is no one simple answer to that question, but there are solutions. Thankfully, Colorado schools have adopted and implemented a policy that requires a certain amount of physical activity in elementary schools. Colorado’s House Bill 11-1069 establish a minimumRead MoreThe Effects Of Sleep On Our Bodies2104 Words   |  9 Pagesitself from the day. According to WebMD people who are 18+ of age should be getting anywhere between 7.5 to 9 hours of sleep. A lot of college students consider themselves lucky to get 5 hours of sleep. A health science professor at the University of Alabama, Adam Knowlden, discovered, â€Å" Sixty percent of the college population gets insufficient sleep.† College students realize they are sleepy but don’t understand all the affects it has on their bodies physically, mentally, and emotionally. So what canRead MoreSleep Journal Essay1745 Words   |  7 Pagesto Psychology 09-28-2012 Sleep Journal Essay College students like myself often put off sleep for other activities like studying, doing homework or even just staying up all night with a friend. Our body follows the twenty-four hour cycle of each day and night through a biological clock called the Circadian rhythm. On the weekdays, staying up all night and skipping meals makes it difficult to focus in class. After lunchtime, I become sleepy and have difficulty focusing on my other classes. In theRead MorePersonal Essay About Moral Self Licensing Essay1457 Words   |  6 Pagesclasses after you get an â€Å"A† on a quiz etc. Similar to rewarding yourself after doing good things. I go to the same high school for six years and it is a girl school. We do have male teachers there, but only 12 out of 75. We have the same class advisor throughout our senior years, and it happens to be a male teacher. He shows his respect and treats us really well. He teaches us as many things as he could, not only the knowledge from textbook, but also the sense of dealing with others, andRead MoreWhy Do We Sleep?1540 Words   |  7 PagesWhy do we sleep? As we all know, one third of our life is spent to sleep, but very few people intend to lay bare the secret of that. There would be a question: why do we sleep? According to the video The Function of Sleep, Tyson states that people are not very clear about the purpose of sleep, but some researchers believe that sleep could enhance memory. MIT researcher Matthew Wilson also illustrates the thoughts of a rat can be read by implanted the electric wire into its brain. According toRead MoreThe Sleeping Habits Among University Student3602 Words   |  15 PagesI. Introduction The amount of sleep is important for one’s mental and physical health, for cognitive restitution, processing and memory consolidation. In order to stay healthy, a person requires 7-8 hours of sleeping in adult age. One study reported the college students are among the most sleep-deprived age group. Sleep deprivation can have detrimental effects on daily performance, including academics and driving, and it has been linked to depressed mood and behavioural problems. The similar researchesRead MoreTardiness: High School and Tardy Student2076 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿ TARDINESS OF STUDENTS A Term Paper Presented to: Madam Joeyconsly L. Valeroso English – IV Instructor Tandag National Science High School In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in English – IV Presented by: DINESE APPLE JANE C. ARANAL TIRZAH HOPE T. MALIZA BABY JENN L. MORADO Acknowledgement The researchers would like to take this chance to express their gratitude to each one of the researchers’ family members for their support and considerate valued prayers

Life Is Like The Movies Essay Example For Students

Life Is Like The Movies Essay Going to the movies is fun. You get your candy and your drink and are taken away into a fictional world for two or three hours, then leave the theater and get back to reality. But is what youre going back to really reality? Plato said no. In the Allegory of the Cave (chapter XXV) in the The Republic he proposes that we all live like people in a movie theater, only he uses prisoners in a cave to illustrate the situation. He creates an image of prisoners, chained down in a cave, so all they could see was shadows created by puppets in front of a fire on the cave wall. Their reality was merely the shadows and it is the same for us (as the common man.) According to Plato, our reality is nothing more than figurative shadows.Everything in the cave can be attributed to a part of society. The fire can be equivocated to unwisdom (229) or even evil, and in society is created by the greed that some have for power over others. It is the driving force behind the entire scheme to misrepresent reali ty. By controlling what people believe is reality, they in turn gain control of the people by telling them what is true and what should be valued, which gives them the power they crave. The fire (greed) is necessary for the shadows to be cast, without it nothing at all could be seen. Without the fire, the puppeteers would have no purpose, no reason to hold the objects up at all. Without the greed for control, societys puppeteers would not have any desire to misrepresent reality. The puppeteers are the manipulators in society (the greedy people). People in a variety of different positions act as the puppeteers. Anyone who tries to skew reality for his or her own personal gain is a manipulator. Religious and business leaders, as well as politicians are all likely candidates for the role of the puppeteers because they often control peoples realities. Religious leaders convince massive amounts of people that their ideas and their religion is reality. Business leaders use advertising campaigns to persuade people into believing their products are the best and will change their lives. Politicians often manipulate issues to make people see them their way. In conjunction with each other, all of these manipulative forces basically dictate societys values.These puppeteers take the objects and let their own greed (fire) distort them, so only a small portion of what is real is revealed (in the form of a shadow). The objects are equivalent to the sermons, the add campaign s and the political agendas of world leaders. Because they have nothing else to look at, the prisoners (society as a whole) believes these shadows of reality to be true, because the manipulators have not given them any other options. When the relationship between the puppeteers and the prisoners is examined more closely, the question of whether or not the manipulators actually know what reality is must be addressed. The answer is that they dont. They still only see what is inside the cave, and the enlightened world exists solely outside of it. Most of them actually believe in what they are promoting, which are essentially just artificial objects (228). Platos Theory of Forms explains that one can only have beliefs and opinions about material thing, and the only thing that one can know is science (and universals.) Because these objects cant be known, they cant be a part of the universal reality that exists outside of the cave or as in society beyond the boundaries of the material, ma nmade world. In the Allegory as in life, the only people that are enlightened (who know the true, universal reality) are those who leave the cave somehow, or those who see beyond our material world. .u9193f73d367a8aaff3b219646970ba92 , .u9193f73d367a8aaff3b219646970ba92 .postImageUrl , .u9193f73d367a8aaff3b219646970ba92 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9193f73d367a8aaff3b219646970ba92 , .u9193f73d367a8aaff3b219646970ba92:hover , .u9193f73d367a8aaff3b219646970ba92:visited , .u9193f73d367a8aaff3b219646970ba92:active { border:0!important; } .u9193f73d367a8aaff3b219646970ba92 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9193f73d367a8aaff3b219646970ba92 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9193f73d367a8aaff3b219646970ba92:active , .u9193f73d367a8aaff3b219646970ba92:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9193f73d367a8aaff3b219646970ba92 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9193f73d367a8aaff3b219646970ba92 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9193f73d367a8aaff3b219646970ba92 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9193f73d367a8aaff3b219646970ba92 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9193f73d367a8aaff3b219646970ba92:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9193f73d367a8aaff3b219646970ba92 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9193f73d367a8aaff3b219646970ba92 .u9193f73d367a8aaff3b219646970ba92-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9193f73d367a8aaff3b219646970ba92:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Piaget Theory EssayThe prisoner who is set free and ascends into the light experiences a great deal of pain, Suppose one of them set free and forced suddenly to stand up.and walk with eyes lifted to the light, all these movements would be painful. (229) Imagine the shock that would come from realizing that the whole world as one knew it

Solectron From Contract Manufacturer to Global Supply Chain Integrator Essay Example

Solectron: From Contract Manufacturer to Global Supply Chain Integrator Paper In 1977, Solectron was founded in the wake of the solar energy boom, and primarily focused on making solar energy products. They soon began assembling printed circuit boards for other electronic firms. Solectron was located close to Silicon Valley and its electronic industry, so a number of clients were readily available for its manufacturing services. In the early 1980s, Solectron turned their efforts towards contract manufacturing, which turned the job shop business into an important industry. Solectron began to purchase the manufacturing facilities of its customers, which enabled them to sign long-term supply contracts with them as well as increasing supply to multiple other customers. By the end of the 90s, Solectron had three strategic business units- Technology Solutions, Global Manufacturing, and Global Services. Solectron focused their business on superior customer service and respect for the individual. It was through constant assessment and continuous improvement that Solectron was able to earn the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award two consecutive times, which was a new record. Solectron continued to lead innovation in technological developments, which continued to increase their advantage over their competitors. In 2000, a softening economy led to falling demand for Solectron services, and at one point, Solectron’s inventory rose to an excess of $1 billion. After restructuring for the slower economy, Solectron was optimistic about its future in developing markets. Questions: What value did Solectron provide to its customers, and how did it evolve over time? Value Solectron provided to its customers: We will write a custom essay sample on Solectron: From Contract Manufacturer to Global Supply Chain Integrator specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Solectron: From Contract Manufacturer to Global Supply Chain Integrator specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Solectron: From Contract Manufacturer to Global Supply Chain Integrator specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Cost – President Dr. Winston Chen insisted that lowest cost could only be achieved with highest quality. This element challenged the practice of their competitors. Quality – Solectron’s high focus on high quality electronics manufacturing services was reflected in their receiving the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award twice. The management at Solectron used the award’s evaluation application process as a benchmark for continuous improvement. All of the recommendations were used in many aspects of the company’s operations for improvement. Flexibility – Solectron offered a wide range of products in a number of areas to its customers, including Networking, Telecommunications, and Computers. The strategic acquisitions in the early 1990’s allowed the company to have a broad variety of manufacturing facilities and expand the services offered. Service – The company used the basic principles of superior customer service and respect for the individual to run the company. These principles were evident in their interaction with its customers. For example, they relied heavily on the customer’s input and feedback for continuous improvement and used various measures of customer satisfaction to work towards becoming best manufacturing company in the world. Value evolved over time: Cost – Solectron used their strategy of becoming the premier source of outsourcing for businesses as a strategic advantage. Their volume increased greatly due to their growing number of customers and business. This allowed them to offer reduced prices due to the greater volume purchasing and economies of scale production. Quality – As production quality can be limited to certain physical features and customer specifications, Solectron has shifted towards a more service quality oriented partner while maintaining product superiority. Although the focus on product quality is imperative to maintaining relations with customers, service quality is a significant source of differentiation in an industry that already expects great production capabilities. Flexibility – With increasing production demands from customers along with an extensive range of desirable markets, flexibility must be a key consideration when competing in the EMS industry. Evolving alongside market conditions, Solectron has acquired many facilities in order to accommodate both consumer and locational demands of their customers. By becoming in essence a global supply chain integrator, Solectron is able to utilize each production facility to an optimal level, source from regions where most value is captured, as well as capitalize on market lead-times from close proximity to target markets. Service – Building upon a great foundation of customer service, Solectron has developed to encompass an essential array of services to offer their customers. This cornucopia of services was broken down into three distinct business units, with one supplying each. As stated by Diana Farrell in Beyond Offshoring, the IT/business process outsourcing in a global standpoint has only a 1% annual value of global trade to annual value of industry sales ratio, indicating significant potential for improvement and capitalization of future revenues. By offering these services especially in the EMS industry that is mostly production centered, Solectron is able to differentiate themselves from its competition by offering excellent service competence. Considering this service factor coupled with great product quality, Solectron is very hard to beat in this industry. The technology solutions unit provided modular and embedded systems design and manufacturing systems that customers could utilize to enhance their operational efficiency. The global manufacturing unit allowed Solectron to handle the demands of product manufacturing of their customers. Although contract manufacturing was their main source of revenue, they also offered new product introduction services and pre-manufacturing capabilities to further offer their expertise on production efficiencies and excellent sourcing. The global services unit was essentially Solectron’s formal customer service business unit. This unit offered product repair, upgrades, and maintenance services through both production facilities and service centers. In addition to the product oriented services, this unit also offered service concerning warehousing, logistics, returns management, engineering change management, and end-of-life management. The global materials services supplemented each of the three business units with operational proficiencies such as interactions with suppliers, procurement, optimizing inventories, preparing market forecasts, and providing worldwide logistics support. How has the company been able to successfully integrate its acquisitions? The company successfully integrated its acquisitions by focusing on two important aspects, employees and culture. The success of Solectron was dependent upon Solectron’s ability to leverage the new employees’ intelligence and experience. There was an integration team with members representing the functional areas to plan a business integration process before the acquisitions were even finalized. An even more detailed plan was created upon finalization, which helped the training of new employees to act as a Solectron resource. Analyze the strategic factors behind Solectron’s move from a contract manufacturing supplier to a supply chain integrator. How did globalization help Solectron in this endeavor? Strategic factors behind Solectron’s move: New Business Model – OEMs decided to concentrate their efforts and resources to their core competencies of product definition, engineering, and marketing in order for Solectron to focus on their core competencies of procurement and production. By realigning the focus of their customer’s primary activities, Solectron was able to transition towards their position as a long-term partner rather than a contract manufacturer. From a strategic standpoint, this stance of the global marketplace leverages Solectron with a sustainable competitive advantage; however, it requires extensive global utilization of resources and relationships to be able to supply the customer’s demands. Consolidation and Relocation – The EMS industry had consolidated most of the top tier firms to create fewer, but larger controlling firms. With this consolidation, Solectron’s new global network was developed to be strategically close to customers in emerging markets which allowed them to introduce new products in the areas with the end user with great product-to-market lead-times. This allows Solectron to fulfill its role as the global supply chain integrator for customers with much flexibility and responsive capabilities. o Information Systems – Solectron used technology to its advantage by improving its operation and allowing the customer to optimize their supply chain in different ways. This allowed multiple parties to have access to the same data and information and ultimately reduce the bull whip effect, which fluctuates demand forecasts significantly. Global Supply Chain Integration Services – As a player in the EMS industry, Solectron had to shift their focus to being a strategic option, rather than a tactical option from their customers’ standpoint. To supplement their excellent service from a purely manufacturing view, another point of differentiation that Solectron utilized was their position and culture in customer service. They expect only the highest quality out of their products, services, and employees. To further build upon this idea of customer service, Solectron has organized the firm into three distinct business units including technology solutions, global manufacturing, and global services, which are all supplied by global materials services, covered in detail earlier in the report.

Homer Wells Moral Progression essays

Homer Well's Moral Progression essays Homer Wells, the main character of the movie Cider House Rules, faces many moral dilemmas as his life progresses. Homer, who was an orphan at St. Claude's as a child, was taken under the wing by the head doctor at the orphanage, Dr. Wilbur Larch. Dr. Larch teaches Homer, instructing him to be a doctor, just like himself. As Homer becomes a full fledged physician at St. Claude's, he decides to not perform abortions. He thinks that each life is precious, just like his own, and is thankful that his mother decided to put him up for adoption instead of aborting him. As Homer leaves the orphanage and comes out into the world, he is needs to decide if his position on abortion is what is for the best. In the beginning, Homer is against abortion, but in the end, he will challenge his moral beliefs and perform what is asked of him. Homer is taught by Dr. Larch the method to perform abortions, but Homer decides that he will never perform it. Afterwards, a young lady, Candy Kendall, accompanied by her air force officer boyfriend, Wally Worthington, arrive at the orphanage, requesting for an abortion. Homer will not perform the abortion, because he believes that it is unethical, and is against his moral thinking. Homer declines the job, compelling Dr. Larch to perform it. During the abortion, Homer talks to Wally, convincing him that Candy will be in good hands, and in good health. After the procedure, Homer decides to leave the orphanage to experience life outside St. Claude's. He asks Wally for a lift in his automobile, and he obliges. Homer, having almost no money, is offered a job at an apple orchard owned by the Worthington family, and he graciously accepts it. He gets acquaint ed with the other orchard workers, especially Mr. Rose, and his daughter, Rose Rose. After a few months of working alongside with them, Homer discovers that Rose Rose is pregnant. After a confrontation with her, they learn that the father of the unborn baby is he...

The role of motivation in management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The role of motivation in management - Essay Example Post WWII, the concepts of mass production, economy and scale, and uniform production methods brought businesses to leadership in their respective fields. During these years the labor pool was made up most significantly of men who learned to be successful by following orders and following through until they were told differently. This is a mindset which created an effective military machine, and brought economic success back to their home country. However, today's labor pool is significantly different. The workers are educated, and have been taught to think as well as work. Today's workers want to know, and to some extent feel connected to the 'why' behind their tasks as well as the 'what' of their daily tasks. To a great extent, these workers no longer hold to the ideals of the previous generation, and are no longer motivated to work for a secure paycheck, and a 30 year career path. Today's workers are looking for an emotional connection, or what researchers call a psychological contract (Clair et. al, 2001) between themselves and their employers in order to feel personally connected to their position. Hence, business a usual, expecting workers to be satisfied by following orders and completing tasks, is no longer a corporate culture which will build a successful organization. CF&F may not yet realize the problems for which it is headed. Surrounded by a corporate culture which has successfully built the organization, the CEO, board and other top executives may not yet be aware of the extent to which the employee dissatisfaction can undermine the organization. We could say that the organization must tame the unruly beast of employee unrest before it begins to negatively affect production, quality, and profits. The company needs to tame the problem before the organization begins to suffer profit decay due to increased costs associated with increased turnover. The following recommendations will use the acronym T.A.M.E. to form a recommendation for change. For the duration of this recommendation, T.A.M.E. stands for: Transformation of the company culture by training upper and middle management in transformational leadership. Authority disbursement from the hands of the upper management to the department heads and workers. Mentoring transformational leaders at every level. They will learn within a measured level of accountability how to lead and transform those under them Empowerment of each department to control their immediate environment and business variables in order to maximize efficiency, and employee moral. Basis for the recommendation Tom Peters and Robert Waterman published Mc Kinney's 7-S Model in their article "Structure Is Not Organization" (1980) and in "In Search of Excellence" (1982). The model starts on the premise that an organization is not just structure, but consists of seven elements: Those seven elements are differentiated into so called hard S's and soft S's. The hard elements (green circles) are feasible and easy to identify. They can typically be found in strategy statements, corporate plans, and organizational charts. The four soft S's however, are less

Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

Literature - Essay Example Burke argues that in `Daddy’ Sylvie Plath proves otherwise. Security, or authority, as defined by Plath is an authoritarian state which is expressed in fascist and militaristic domination. Accordingly, Plath’s father is a Nazi soldier while she is a helpless Jew. This analogy depicts security at its most extreme but, as Plath proves, it can be escaped. Security can be escaped as it is a state of mind. In order for oppression/security to occur, the oppressed has to accept it. Plath’s rejection of her `father,’ and of his control establishes that escape from security is possible if the oppressed reject it. This is the manner in which Burke interprets Plath’s poem and, as earlier mentioned, it is an extremely interesting interpretation. Ramzani, a professor of English Literature, argues that several of Plath’s poems, and most especially `Daddy,’ are elegies, or poems of mourning. Ramzani acknowledges that her interpretation of Plath’s poem, `Daddy,’ will create a great deal of controversy for one simple reason. This reason is that, literary critics define elegies as poems of love in which a dead person is both honored and remembered. They are, in the tradition of poetic genres, among the most beautiful and, quite often, the most romantic. To suggest, therefore, the Plath’s `Daddy’ is an elegy, as were many of Milton’s and Shelley’s appears, therefore, to be based on a misinterpretation and misunderstanding of the characteristics of the elegiac genre. This criticism would only hold true if Plath were writing in the same era and tradition as Milton or Shelley but the fact that has to be taken into account is that she is a post-modern poet. In other words, the de finition and style of the elegy has changed. It is still a poem of communication with the dead and a poem of morning but, rather than express love, it can express rage. This is

List Comparing And Contrasting Benefits And Burdens Of Industrialization Essay Example for Free

List Comparing And Contrasting Benefits And Burdens Of Industrialization Essay Industrialization in the first place led to increased production, through the dynamic changes in modes of production whereby it replaced the human labor with machines. This enlarged the societies from agricultural to industrial based societies. However though beneficial these industries over time have impacted negatively on the environment as they lead to environmental pollution e. g. through their emissions of harmful oxides into the atmosphere. It led to the development of cities and towns thus contributing to rural urban migrations by people to seek jobs/ employment in the cities. This movement to towns resulted to urbanization. Since now that the industries used machines production improved and became faster. This in return impacted negatively as more items were produced in bulky, leading to reduction of their market prices, as explained by the theory of supply and demand, â€Å" the higher the supply the lower the demand† (Hamilton 1995) Industrialization also led to expansion of trade and businesses throughout the world by offering a medium of transportation i.  e. through the rail roads. Due to this there was need for construction of more railroads which then created employment to the members of the society. During these constructions there was heavy clearance of vegetation, trees and forests to create enough space for building the roads and raw materials manufacturing industries. This resulted to environmental degradation as trees were fallen and the soil left bare. To add on the it resulted to pollution from the trains using the roads. Industrialization brought about new technology of learning that is writing in books, thus establishing paper manufacturing industries. This contributed to knowledge and ideas acquisition however it is disadvantageous in that it led to clearance of many tree species for pulp resulting to deforestation and species extinction. Reference Wolfgang. S, Angela. D. ( 1995). Disenchanted Night: The Industrialization of Light in the Nineteenth Century. Published by University of California Press: San Diego

The DaVinci Crock :: essays research papers

Before I even begin to deconstruct Dan Brown’s DaVinci Code, I think it is very appropriate to explain my perspective. I attended Catholic schooling for my first nine years of education. The school I attended taught the Catholic faith in a very conservative and orthodox manner. I still do practice the Catholic faith, but at the current time, I am very impressionable with it comes to my faith and beliefs. My first impression after reading The DaVinci Code was that Brown is very blasphemous towards the Catholic Church. Before the novel even begins, Brown states, â€Å"All descriptions of artwork, architecture, documents, and secret rituals in this novel are accurate,† which can be very misleading, making the reader think that the descriptions of the Catholic Church are also very accurate.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout the book, on numerous occasions, Brown talks about how Jesus could have been married to Mary Magdalene, and possibly could even have fathered a child. In one instance Teabing says, â€Å" the marriage of Jesus and Mary Magdalene is part of historical record. Jesus as a married man makes more sense than our standard biblical view of Jesus as a bachelor† (245). This goes against many of the Catholic teachings and traditions that say that Jesus was single and chaste the entirely of his life. The Bible says, â€Å"Nevertheless he that standeth stedfast in his heart, having no necessity, but hath power over his own will, and hath so decreed in his heart that he will keep his virgin, doeth well† (1 Corinthians 7:37). It is even more preposterous when Brown asserts that Mary Magdalene could have been one of the twelve original disciples. â€Å"The Last Supper is supposed to be thirteen men. Who is this woman?,† Brown writes (243). Historically, The Last Supper was Jesus’ last meal with his twelve Apostles. Brown is saying that one Jesus’ twelve apostles may have been a woman. To begin with I would have to guess when Brown uses the word â€Å"disciples†, he really means â€Å"apostles†. The word â€Å"disciple,† in the Bible, literally means follower of Jesus. Under that definition, Jesus has had and still has an uncountable number of disciples. The Apostles were the twelve mean that followed Jesus during his lifetime and helped him teach his message. I think Brown was trying to say that Mary Magdalene could have been one of the twelve apostles. Even so the Bible says that the twelve original apostles were men.

National Health Service Reorganization

Any UK government is faced with a long list of health issues, this list would include macro questions such as the relationship of the National Health Service (NHS) to broader policies which might affect the health of the population and how to finance and staff health services. The NHS has gone through many stages of development in the last century, however the 1990 act introduced the most radical accounting control system since the birth of the NHS. Much accounting research has been developed on this topic and this paper will bring together some of their findings. By the late 1980†³s general management in the NHS was in full force, and expectations of ‘management discipline† were high, however there were a series of recurrent crisis. These crises were particularly evident in the hospital services and were caused by a combination of scarcity of compatible resources and an infinite demand for health care. Through a fundamental view of operations in 1989, two reviews were drawn up by the department of health, ‘working for patients† and ‘caring for people† (DoH, 1989a, 1989b), and these formed the basis of the NHS and Community Care Act 1990. The main focus of the impact was the concept of the internal market. This essentially involved the separation of two of the main functions of the NHS, purchasing and providing. Purchasing is defined as the buying of health services to satisfy local needs and providing, is defined as the day to day business of delivering that care. The purchasing agencies are provided with a budget which reflects their defined population, from which they must identify health needs, plan ways to satisfy them while ensuring the quality of the service. When the purchaser identifies their requirements, they produce a contract with the providers, who in turn invoice the purchaser for the materials and services provided. This illustrates the ‘Quasi-market† in operation, a Quasi-market being a market which seems to exist but doesn†t really. Flynn (1993) described the internal markets in the NHS as a mechanism to match supply with demand, and allow hospitals to compete on price and quality to attract patients. This new ideology of governance of the NHS has changed dramatically, especially through the Thatcher administration. Harrison (1997) describes how there are three ways of co-ordinating the activities of a multiplicity organisation, through markets, clans and hierarchies. Clans and hierarchies are based on using the process of co-operation to produce an ordered system of outcomes. The historic NHS was built very much around them; a combination of bureaucracy and professional culture; labelled as ‘professional bureaucracy† by Pugh and Hichson (1976). The new NHS is now reflected as having a market orientated organisation. The reformed NHS was established on 1st April 1991. On that day the internal market became operational, it†s main features were, that there is a fixed level of ‘demand† whose total is determined by NHS funding, trading takes place among a large number of buyers and sellers, and there is competition among suppliers. In this market it should be expected that managers respond with price, quality and branding as weapons of competitive behaviour (Flynn 1993). Llewellyn (1993) described the introduction of an ‘internal† or ‘Quasi-market† in health and social care, as a reaction to and was practically enabled, by an expanding population. Her research that looked at two factors, which forced reform in the NHS, demographic trends and technological advancement. The first factor focused on the growing problem facing nation states in the developed world is that of an ageing population and hence a greater dependence on the NHS in future years. Between 1961 and 1990 the percentage of the UK population over sixty five increased by one third and the numbers aged eighty five and over, more than doubled (Population Trends 1992). The second factor looked at the advancing technology of medical care across the developed world, which offered a new range of medical services and techniques. These advances however caused a problematic escalation in the supply and demand for medical treatment, and therefore total cost of that treatment to the purchaser. The basic rationale of her paper, was how the introduction of a market into health care causes an anticipated stimulus to competition and hence constant improvement in resource allocation and cost management. Hood (1994) identified two aims of the government in office as regard to the public sector, first the desire to lessen or eliminate differences between modes of private and public sector organisation. Secondly, the intention of exerting more control over the actions of public sector professionals. However, to discuss the first aim it is important to realise that there is a fundamental difference between developing a customer orientation in the private sector and a user orientation system in the public services (Flynn 1993). Private sector problems tend to be in efforts to market their products or services to the consumer, usually in competition with other firms. Whereas, public sector problems tend to be trying to deter too many people using their services, as opposed to attracting them. Therefore, this produces a fundamental problem in the trying to eliminate these aspects. Several issues caused the government desire not only to control, but also to make resource usage more efficient. Firstly the deepening public sector problems had to be addressed, and the adoption of more accountable systems seemed a perfect solution. There was also the desire not only to be able to control but also reduce public expenditure. Finally, political promises were made to reduce the share of public expenditure in National Income, to curtail the range of functions being performed by government, whilst also seeking to improve, nurture and stimulate the business attitudes and practices necessary to re-launch Britain as a successful capitalist economy, this was a conservative attitude. The government therefore promoted the view that accountable management reforms are needed for the public sector to be more accountable to those who receive, pay for or monitor public services; to provide services in a more effective, efficient and publicly responsible fashion (Humphrey 1991). The emergence of an internal market for health services inevitably resulted in the emergence of various accounting techniques, their purpose was to act as a stimulus to ensure efficient allocation of resources and to minimise costs. The increasing competition derived from this market created a need for management control systems. Hood (1994) categorised international accountable management as having up to seven dimensions, for government implementation of a system in the public sector. First, that it sought a greater disaggregation of public sector organisations, secondly, it would be searching for a stronger competitive use of private sector management techniques. Thirdly, a heavier emphasis on efficiency of resource usage, fourthly, reforms in accountability management. Fifthly a clearer specification of input/output relationships, sixthly, a greater use of measurable performance standards and targets, and finally, the use of ‘hands on† management of staff in control. These categories relate to Hood†s (1994) two aims, discussed previously, with the first three dimensions relating to his first aim of eliminating differences of public and private sector organisations. The four are geared towards the second aim of control. Hood†s research was based on a comparative study of cross-national experience of accountable management reforms. Arguably the views on the adoption of management control systems in the public sector depends on our position in society. As our society is more focused on markets, competitiveness and efficiency, it is likely that accounting techniques will play an important role, however, the importance of keeping the welfare of our society should be first and foremost. After all the goals of public sector organisations should differ from those in the private sector (e. g. they should not be profit maximisers). The objective of the NHS as an organisation remains unchanged since the reforms, in terms of securing an improvement in the state of the health of the population. However, it is now faced with the dilemma, that the means of achieving this greater improvement has been surfaced with financial considerations (Mellett 1998). One of the consequences of the reforms carried out on the NHS, after the NHS and Community Care Act 1990, is that at the level of health care delivery, it has been fragmented into over 500 separate trusts. Each of these trusts is a clearly defined autonomous unit which has an obligation to monitor performance in terms of both finance and patient care activity (Clatworthy et al 1997). This was the governments preferred mode of organisation and it becomes universal along with the associated accounting regime (Mellet 1998). Mellett (1998), looked at how the revised accounting system operated within trusts, and found that their procedures included a system of capital accounting; it†s objective was to increase the awareness of health service managers of the cost of capital and the incentive to use that capital efficiently. However, introducing a new control system into an organisation, and also the fact the management team are unlikely to have experience in it†s application, could lead to several implementing problems and introduce another element of risk. Preston et al (1992) emphasis, that when a new accounting method is introduced, it is naive to assume that by simply assembling the components of a system, that the desired or officially intended outcome will be achieved. Since 1979 the UK government has tended to favour private sector management styles and culture (Flynn 1992), although there has been many debates about the different contrasts between the adaptable, dynamic, entrepreneurial private sector management styles and the bureaucratic, cautious, inflexible, rule bound public sector management. Could this be due to the strain on public sector managers, who work on a tight budget, and also that scope for reward in expanding the organisation is limited. So can we compare managers in the public sector with those in the private sector, for example accountability structures make managers jobs different from those of the private services. A public service manager for example, could be instructed to keep a hospital open, while the regional authorities may have different ideas and wish the hospital to close. This dubious accountability has no resemblance to the private sector, where managers are ultimately accountable to shareholders (Flynn 1992). An important part of managerial work in the public sector involves managing the relationship between the organisation and the political process. Therefore, the government is faced a health policy dilemma; how to reconcile increasingly flexible NHS management and greater freedom to become competitive, with requirements for manageability of the NHS, for public accountability, and for political management (Sheaff et al 1997). The government then introduced a process to set about placing former private sector directors, into director positions of NHS trusts. Therefore directly introducing private sector experience into public sector management. However, Sheaff et al (1997) research, found that board members of trusts, with a predominant NHS background were likely to be less conservative, more flexible and less risk adverse than those with a non-NHS background. This highlights the emphasis put on different management styles associated with the public and private sector, and puts into doubt these classifications when developing the ‘strategy of managerialism† for the NHS. The new era of the NHS has left managers of trusts faced with a new dilemma, they are now accountable to producing two sets of information, finance activity and patient care activity. Clatworthy (1993) identified three users of this information, the electorate, the consumers of the public service and central government politicians. All these groups will have an interest in the NHS, but their concerns are likely to focus on different aspects of this information. This gives the managers the task of balancing two incompatible goals. As part of the NHS, trusts are charged with the intangible task of improving the state of the nations health, while also having to remain financially viable (Clatworthy 1993). Jackson (1985) perceives that by their very nature, performance indicators motivate individuals and cause them to modify their behaviour in order to meet the targets set. Could this give rise to anxieties of how managers could react to potentially bad results? Published performance indicators issued cover aspects such as percentage of patients seen by a hospital within 13 weeks. Looking at this as an example; this indicator could be enhanced by treating as a priority those that have been waiting longest, but these patients may not be those, whose health status would benefit most from treatment (Clatworthy 1993). It could be argued that in the pursuit of a goal, managers lower the possible increase in overall welfare. These performance indicators, both financial and patient care are produced in an annual report, although superficially similar to it†s private sector counterpart it is not addressed to an audience which can exercise control. Unlike a private sector shareholders meeting, the directors of the public sector trust cannot be removed from their position by a voting process, so it†s existence can be perceived as not a tool of control. This paper has analysed the introduction of the new reforms taken place in the NHS in the early nineties. The reasons for change were identified as being the change in the demographic structure of the UK population and the increased emphasis of technological advancement in medical health care, and their effect on the financial burden of the health service to the government. Changes brought about were to increase cost effectiveness and encourage efficient use of the scarce resources available to the NHS. Due to the competitive nature of the internal market, many management control techniques have been implemented to aid managers of designated hospital trusts to meet their budget targets. Due to the complexity of these systems, many trusts have had previously private sector managers, appointed as directors in charge of managing the budget. Many fears have been raised that these budget constraints and the introduction of performance indicators will have a detrimental effect on the health service†s ultimate aim, to improve the overall state of the nation†s health. It seems that managers are stuck in a conflict of interests, of whether to keep financial control of the trust, by cutting back in the overall service offered to the public.

Myocardium of the Heart